Tuesday, March 31, 2020

Find Help With Organic Chemistry With a Taylor Chemical Tutor

Find Help With Organic Chemistry With a Taylor Chemical TutorThe job of a chemistry tutor will change significantly if one works with an online website like the Taylor Chemical Company's organic chemistry tutor. The internet has given many people and companies new ways to do business and even help the less technologically savvy better their skills with organic chemistry. The support for chemical tutors has become incredibly easy because they now have a wide variety of materials that can be used to work with.Online tutors, especially those who have more technical background and feel comfortable working in the virtual world can receive a wide range of material. There are different types of courses to choose from as well as different methods of learning. While online tutors may have to work with a large number of materials and learn on the job, it can be a much easier way to learn than classes at college. You don't have to worry about finding parking and getting up to make a cup of coff ee just to study.If you want to take your chemistry skills to the next level and don't have time to attend classes, you can have your own online organic chemistry tutor. If you have difficulty writing because of a history of trauma or other mental issues, it may be helpful to have someone to look over your work. Having someone around you who can read your work and help you in other ways may be what you need to improve your knowledge.The Taylor Chemical Company offers an online chemistry tutor, known as the Thompson Organic Chemistry Tutor. The tutor is usually licensed and has knowledge in a variety of subjects. He or she will teach students chemistry on a subject-by-subject basis.When they begin to write reports, they will be able to use the same text and videos as in the classroom lectures. They will also be able to use flash cards and keep notes on a laptop computer. The tutor will not only assist students but will teach them through discussion as well.While the teacher's role is important, the tutor should not assume this. It is important that students feel comfortable with him or her and it is important that they know that their teacher has a great deal of experience and is not trying to pass them by. When the tutor does a good job with students, it shows his or her commitment to the career of being a chemical chemist.The Thompson Organic Chemistry Tutor works from a certain time every day or night and has a specific set of instructions. He or she will come into the lesson prepared and ready to teach students, but will leave them at the end of the day, or during the evening for a quick personal session. They will get a good night's sleep knowing that they helped students study the material in class.A chemical analyst is not the only kind of person who can benefit from the help of an organic chemistry tutor. Students of all ages and levels can be benefited from the various online sites that offer the services of tutors. They are easy to find and anyone who has some interest in learning can find help with the organic chemistry and other classes on their computer.

Friday, March 6, 2020

Teach Away Telegram May 2013

Teach Away Telegram May 2013 Happy May! This past month has brought new updates and features to Teach Away, and we’re excited to share them with everyone. We’ll go through a lot of these new features, and take a look at the site Numberphile. Finally, our country spotlight for May is Bahrain.Teach Away News and UpdatesA New Look for Our Website!If you haven’t visited recently, the Teach Away website has gotten a facelift. Check out our new look, with resources and important features now easier to find than ever. Teachers now have better access to our blog, our social media outlets, and our jobs board.An Updated Google+ PresenceTeach Away’s Google+ page has also undergone new updates and is more active than ever. We’ll be hosting hangouts from our page, so add us to your circles in order to keep up to date on when the next hangouts will be taking place! Hangouts are meant to be a casual, friendly place where you’ll be able to ask us any questions you have and meet some of your fellow teachers.We also h ave some Google+ communities that are becoming more active, including the Teach Away General Communityand the Abu Dhabi Teachers Community. Joining these will allow you to participate in discussions with other applicants as well as teachers who are currently abroad. We hope these new resources will make it easier than ever for you to interact with us and the community of teachers!Teach Away on PinterestPinterest is another outlet where we’ve recently become much more active. Follow us for teaching tools, new opportunities, and our favorite travel photos and tips.Teach Away on InstagramWant to virtually follow us to your favorite destinations? Take a look at our new Instagram profile. We’ll be posting photos from our favoriteteaching locations, travel destinations, interview cities, and from ourown offices and cities. Get a behind-the-scenes look at Teach Away, and follow us as we make our way around the world!Teaching Tool: NumberphileMath teachers know how difficult it can be t o engage their classes.  Many students have the preconceived notion that numbers aren’t for them, and the idea of doing repetitive exercises on paper can make some students shut down immediately.Enter Numberphile.Led by a team of mathematicians and professors in the UK, Numberphile is a website that curates videos designed to get students thinking about numbers in new, creative ways.  Video topics range from prime numbers and pi, to mathematical problems involving boxes of Chicken McNuggets.Bahrain. Professors and college instructors can find excellent opportunities, with a generous monthly salary and benefits, in this university.As a Gulf country with a relatively relaxed culture and a welcoming attitude, Bahrain attracts expatriates from around the world. Teachers will find Bahrain to be diverse and friendly country, despite its small size. Residents of this island nation enjoy a comfortable lifestyle, as the country has a well-developed infrastructure. The weather in Bahrain is sunny year-round, and water sports are popular on weekends.Teachers hoping to work in Bahrain should be open-minded and willing to take on new challenges. University positions may require an advanced degree, although some positions will accept teachers with a Bachelor’s degree and a teaching credential. For more information on the current jobs available, please see our list of teaching jobs abroad.

Free Techniques in Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition PDF

Free Techniques in Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition PDFFor those who would like to learn more about organic chemistry, you will find the free techniques in Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition PDF interesting. In this eBook, you will get information on why you should consider organic chemistry and how this field can benefit you. The strategies in this eBook will help you to start learning about this field.If you want to pursue a college degree in chemistry, you may be a bit overwhelmed by the large amount of information that you need to remember. Instead of studying for years at school, take advantage of the free techniques in Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition PDF. This eBook provides a number of easy to use tips and strategies to improve your education and improve your overall grade.You will learn what factors affect your grades when it comes to organic chemistry. Some of these factors include experimental procedures, experimentation, and classroom management. You will learn the difference betwee n the various types of chemicals. You will learn the different uses for organic chemistry.In the quick overview of the book, you will learn all the things that you should do when you are ready to enter the college environment. Before applying to college, you need to do some research about the chemistry program you are considering. This eBook can help you narrow down your choices.One of the biggest benefits to this free techniques in Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition PDF is that you will not have to pay any money to get the book. Many of the materials and techniques in this book are free, making it easy for you to gain the information you need. You also do not have to worry about the time it will take to find the information you need.One of the most important aspect of this eBook is how easy it is to lookup specific answers. The tactics and strategies contained in this eBook help you learn the answers quickly. They help you figure out the answers to many difficult questions that can make it easier to understand your research. This eBook can teach you important information about organic chemistry, as well as other subjects, quickly and easily.The strategies in Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition PDF will help you achieve higher grades in college. You will learn how to improve your grade, especially in chemistry.

Thursday, March 5, 2020

The Basic Mechanism of Organic Chemistry Reaction Mechanisms

The Basic Mechanism of Organic Chemistry Reaction MechanismsOrganic chemistry reaction mechanisms are basic theories in organic chemistry, which help scientists, students and researchers to understand the chemistry and its physical processes. Several processes such as proton exchange, chemical bond formation, photo-reaction, electrochemistry, and hydration are described using such mechanism. Different reactions may not require all the ingredients, but they usually require one or two of the basic elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen.Oxidation reactions are one of the important reactions in organic chemistry. It occurs when the compound that is reacting with one or more of the basic elements reacts with the double bonds present in the two compounds. The triple bond that is present in the atoms of the element of the compound plays a role in forming the radical component of the reaction. Such radical component is useful to the chemist because it can form more complex molecules by separating the unpaired electrons from the single bonds.The radicals that will be formed in the process may have different properties. In addition, they can also form when the constituent molecule reacts with certain chemicals, such as aldehydes and alkenes. They are called anion radicals, which means that they are positive and neutral, or negative and neutral. For instance, the hydrocarbon molecule (carbon dioxide) has an anion radical, and a group of alkyl radicals, and a group of alkynes.Alcohols are the simplest radicals that have many variations. They are very flexible and can be used as part of the chemical reaction. Some examples of alcohols are methanol, ethanol, and methanethiol. They have more than twenty atoms, and in their chemical formula, they are listed in the alphabetical order as ABCDE.Another group of radicals in organic chemistry compounds which are chemical bonds between different elements. They include cations, anions, and covalentcompounds. These are easily recognizable by their uses in the chemical reactions. One example is the cation, which are a group of four carbon atoms, and anion, which are a group of three carbon atoms.The cation has many uses such as being the initial chemical substance for a solution of the alkali metal or sodium ion. On the other hand, the anion is a group of four sulfur atoms, and covalent compounds are the group of a mixture of two or more elements. Examples of covalent compounds are nitrogen-containing anions and cationic compounds. However, these radicals are not normally used directly in the chemical reactions. Instead, they are used by other radicals to form other chemical bonds in the chemical reaction.Molecular bonding is another mechanism that helps in the formation of molecules. This bond is one of the basic reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry. Molecules are formed by joining up the different structural components, such as the atoms or groups of atoms and their bonding sites, together.

German Classes in Belfast

German Classes in Belfast Finding the Best German Classes in Belfast ChaptersLearn to Speak German with a TutorLanguage Instruction in a Language CentreGerman Courses at Queen’s UniversityGerman Lessons at the Belfast MetImagine this: you have just returned from your holiday cruise down the Rhine River. You saw all of those lovely vineyards sculpting the hills of the valley and met lots of lovely people.The trouble was you couldn’t talk with any of them because your communication skills in German are limited to Guten Tag and Danke Schon.Your mind is made up: before your next holiday abroad â€" most likely in another region of Germany because the culture resonates with you, you will learn how to speak German.Resolution made, now is the time to find German language lessons.All day at work followed by family concerns; maybe a moment to connect with friends before turning in for the night and doing it all over again the next day...Where, in your busy schedule, would you have time and energy for learning a language?That’s the rub, really. There are p lenty of people who aspire to take on new challenges that simply cannot meet the commitment because... well, because life gets in the way.However, working with a tutor in your home or online negates the need to run out of the house for night classes all while allowing you to learn German in the comfort of your own surroundings.Let’s say you had studied German in school; maybe sat your GCSEs in German but, over time you have found it difficult to maintain your skill level.Talking with a tutor can help you bring back the German language's unique grammatical constructions you thought you had forgotten as well as refreshing your vocabulary.What about the students in your home?If you have a secondary school student preparing to sit their school-leaving exams in German, or maybe s/he is gearing up for German A-Levels, s/he too would be well-served by lessons with a private tutor.Where can you find such an individual who would take your language learning needs into consideration; who wou ld keep your schedule in mind while planning your lessons around it?  Enter Superprof!Superprof is a global community consisting of thousands of teachers.You may, for instance, learn German online with someone who actually lives in Germany, or a native speaker of German who lives elsewhere in the UK.If you would prefer to meet your private tutor face to face, Superprof has that base covered as well: we have four German tutors in Belfast!Anja is a native German speaker with four years of classroom experience.She works with students of all ages and, should you be a university or secondary school student, you only need to indicate what aspect of German you need help with and she will tailor her lessons to help you achieve your language learning goals.Anja, like most other Superprof tutors, offers her first hour of lessons at no charge and, should you book a block of five or 10 lessons, you would receive a discount.Now that we’ve explored your go-to solution for language studies, letâ €™s find out where else you could find German language courses.Are you interested in knowing where in Birmingham people take German lessons?People in larger German cities likely speak English but if you want to visit small towns, you must speak a bit of German Image by Peter H from PixabayLanguage Instruction in a Language CentreIf you wanted to learn a new language merely to exercise your brain, you have many avenues to choose from but if you need to certify your knowledge of German, you would need to attend a language school.As great as Superprof tutors are, they cannot give you an official language training certificate.You may need such a certificate before getting a promotion at work or landing a new job. If you are a student hoping to study abroad, you will also have to prove your German language skills.The accepted certificate of German language level is issued through the Goethe Institut but, unless you anticipate living and working in Germany, a certificate from a language s chool would be sufficient.There is a Goethe Institut in Glasgow; would you consider taking German lessons there?Listen and Learn embraces a bespoke curriculum.You can take Business German or General German lessons, one to one or in a small group. Your German instructor may come to your home or office, or you may choose to have lessons in their office.Or, if you prefer, you can take your lessons online, via Skype.Before finalising your learning environment selection, you will be encouraged to take a placement test to determine your ability to speak German - there is nothing wrong with being an absolute beginner.In fact, your teacher needs to know how much German you already know, if any, so that s/he may teach you from a suitable starting point.Currently, Listen and Learn is promoting summer learning; you will benefit from a 15% discount on their regular rates.If you are a student, now would be a great time to secure your lessons; before school actually starts anew and every other fo reign language learner is scrambling for a teacher!Are you curious whether German language students in Edinburgh also get a jump on their studies?German Lessons with Language TrainersNot to be outdone, Language Trainers stands ready to help you build your German language proficiency in person, in groups, in a class or online.You may be pleasantly surprised to discover that you might only need about 30 hours of instruction to have a simple conversation with a German native speaker; even less if these instructors have their way!Here again, you will be invited to take a placement test before selecting your German class; this test is offered free on their website.Once you have an idea of where you are in your language training venture, you can start planning your schedule around your German courses.Note: Language Trainers is also offering a summer discount; hurry to find how much you could save!Did you know that German learners in Leeds tend to opt for intensive German studies?Germany i s full of history and amazing architecture; don't let the language barrier keep you from any of it! Image by Osman Zöllner from PixabayGerman Courses at Queen’s UniversityYou might think that university courses are reserved for those who are about to sit their A-Levels and enrol and, to an extent, you would be correct.Queen’s University takes their German language curriculum to the general public, and what a course they have!Their German language studies programme is divided into seven levels, the first being for those who have had virtually no exposure to the language.Level 1 introduces you to the language and culture of Germany; you would learn basic phrases and simple grammatical concepts.If you already have an elementary knowledge of German â€" if you can hold a simple conversation and describe your family, neighbourhood and work environments, you may start at Level 2, which builds on those foundation skills.Each of the courses is 10 weeks long and represents one level of a dvancement until Level 7, when you would be expected to discuss current events and contemporary issues that impact society, using nothing but your German language skills.Should be already be enroled at Queen’s University, the fee for each of these courses is £20 but, if you are not embroiled in a degree plan (or a member of their staff), you may still participate in these courses for only £88 per course.Is there any university anywhere in the UK that offers such a great deal on German courses?German Lessons at the Belfast MetNorthern Ireland’s largest college is no slouch when it comes to offering exciting courses and their German language classes might just be the icing on the cake!Whether you only have a passing acquaintance with the German language or can speak it fairly well, the Met has a class for you.Their German 1 course covers all of the basics: greetings, elementary grammar and a substantial vocabulary list.Their Improver and Improver Plus is where the meat of the ma tter is; the first offering targets speaking and listening while the Plus track emphasises reading and writing in German.If you have already passed the intermediate level and are ready for advanced German courses, their Step 6 course would be for you.Here, you would learn the more elaborate German grammar constructions all while continuing to develop your German pronunciation as well as your reading and writing skills.Are there such inclusive German classes in Cardiff?The cost for each course is £170 except for the Basic German class, which only costs £95 and the duration varies, so it would be best to check the course catalogue to find out which one would suit you best.Beautiful Belfast is distinct and diverse, open in her welcome and generous to those who would seek knowledge. One way to prove that is by the wealth of German courses to be had there.So if you’ve just returned from your holiday in Berlin or Bremen, and even if you’ve never left County Antrim but long to learn a new language, you certainly have the opportunity to do so.Now engage in a treasure hunt: find the best German classes in London!

SAT College Test Online SAT Prep Online Tutoring Tutorpace

SAT College Test Online SAT Prep Online Tutoring Tutorpace SAT is an abbreviation of Scholastic Assessment Test taken by high school students to gain admissions in colleges and universities in the United States. SAT College test is the exam popular among all colleges and universities and most colleges prefer SAT scores to analyze the students academic capability. SAT Reasoning test is the general SAT test which consists of 3 main sections: Critical Reading, Mathematics and Writing. However, some colleges also prefer specific subject scores to check the students credentials in that particular subject. For those students, SAT subject tests are available in 20 individual subjects and students can assess their performance in those particular subjects. SAT examines the students logical and conceptual knowledge of the student in the various subjects. In the Critical reading test, students are given multiple choice questions on reading comprehension passages. With these passages, students are tested on vocabulary, sentence structure, punctuations etc. In the mathematics section, students are given multiple choice questions as well as grid-in questions. The topics on which they are tested are generally Algebra, Plane geometry, Coordinate geometry, Probability and Statistics etc. and the questions range from easy to medium to difficult level. In the Writing section, students are given multiple choice questions as well as an essay question. The multiple choice questions are based on error improvements such as sentence improvement, passage improvement, error identification etc. For the essay question, students must use proper sentences and good grammar so that they can write meaningful essay on the given topic or an issue.

The 10 Most Difficult Piano Pieces

The 10 Most Difficult Piano Pieces What are the Hardest Piano Pieces to Play? ChaptersClassical music and its virtuoso piecesPop music and how difficulty serves successTackle the harder pieces to learn the pianoWhen you begin piano lessons, most of the time the goal is of the course is to progress as quickly and as well as possible.You want to acquire the strongest bases, to then go on playing the pieces that you like.And let's be clear, most pianists are looking to play the songs they've heard and would like to remake, or just a legendary melody, to do just like the best pianists.But the pianist has an ego and pride. To prove he is worthy, he will also go for difficult pieces, even very difficult. They don't necessarily fit his personal tastes. But they will give a status, a rank, to the one who plays them. What's on your repertoire?These difficult pieces can be categorized in different ways in the world of the piano. In order to give a sympathetic side to this article, we will go through classic pieces, and varieties, known or unknown.And you'll see that aft erwards, you will inevitably go to your keyboard to learn one, or even all.By reading this article, you will understand better how to become a piano virtuoso!Join the discussion: who do you think are the best pianists in the world?Will you become a virtuoso pianist? | Pedro Vezini via Visual HuntThere is often a tendency to say that the classical music pieces composed by the best pianists in the world are the most difficult to play. Fortunately, many classical pieces are also used for learning the piano.But of course, some justify this reputation.Symphony No. 5 by Beethoven (1804-1808)A legendary piece, composed by a genius musician. You have probably already heard these notes in the films The Longest Day or Saturday Night Fever.Composed of four movements (Allegro con Brio, Andante con moto, Scherzo, and the Finale), and lasting approximately forty minutes, the fifth symphony of Beethoven is one of the Austrian's masterpieces.For the anecdote, the music was composed during the Napol eonic wars, while Austria was invaded by France.As for Beethoven, then in his thirties, he is more and more affected by deafness.A few years later, this symphony was designated as a reference work, and one of the most popular of classical music.Beethoven inspired many artists. John Travolta can testify.Piano Sonata No. 18 in D major (W.A Mozart)There is no need to introduce Mozart, considered by many to be the greatest virtuoso in the history of the piano.Because of his precocity, and also because of the difficulty and complexity of his compositions. (who doesn't recognize his famous enchanted flute, opera of more than two hours long).Mozart's piano sonatas are among the most difficult to play.And the n °18 offers an impressive technical panel. Variations of rhythms, changes of fingering and speed.One can clearly say that he is a pianist with great capacities when he masters the Mozart sonatas, and more particularly the n °18.Discover the long history of the piano...The Bolero by Ma urice Ravel (1928)Undoubtedly one of the most beautiful ballets of the XXth Century. Again, you probably heard this music from the AGF Insurance ad in the early 2000s. A beautiful and catchy melody, lasting about 15 minutes.The melody repeats itself regularly during the piece, but variations in crescendo and orchestration give this singular work an original, even unique aspect.So unique that it is to this day the most played ballet piece in the world's great operas since the 1930s, and even at events such as the 1998 World Cup or the closing ceremony of the Sochi Olympics in 2014.The Toccata in D Minor by J.S Bach (1703-1707)Everyone has already heard this music, the reference music written for the organs by Bach. Built in three episodes, it took four years to be written. Controversies ran around it at the beginning, the sulfurous composer Ringck and then Kelliner claiming its origin, but it is ultimately attributed to Bach when he was young.Very quickly returned to popular culture, the XXth gives a timeless aspect to this piece. He is taken to the cinema in Fantasia, Twenty Thousands Leagues under the Sea, The Godfather or even Aviator and Pirates of the Caribbean.The first notes entered history, and a melody as beautiful as that is difficult with accelerations and piano adaptation.Pop music and how difficulty serves successPop songs are part of musical culture. And contrarily to what one can sometimes think, commercial music can be very difficult and can serve as a basis for piano lessons.And require technical aptitudes essential to pianist.Diego, by Michel Berger (1983)In France, Michel Berger is a reference in piano and musical creation. We owe him a very large number of great hits. He wrote songs for himself, but also for the other musicians.And if we had to come out with a song that represents the composer's genius, Diego is the perfect example.A perfectly lapped melody, with the chords linked with fluidity. A difficult song not technically, but in the m anagement of the rhythms and emotions. A real complete piece for playing or learning to play the piano, which is very difficult to make as beautiful as the original piece played by Michel Berger.Find out how, through piano lessons online, Superprof tutors can help you master the depth of emotion the instrument can reflect.Life on Mars by David Bowie (1971)What about this song, which took a new path with the death of David Bowie in 2016. One of his greatest successes is built on a simple piano melody, but of rare intensity.Although it can be considered repetitive, this music (much like that of Michel Berger) is based on intensity, on raising the crescendo intensity.Which gives in the end a cult melody, of which it is difficult to transcribe the emotion. A certain time of practice of the piano is necessary since this music is difficult to play.The greatest artists of the twentieth century were pianists of high level. David Bowie is an example.Georgia On My Mind by Ray Charles (1960)Pi anists who are interested in the musical culture around their instrument know that jazz is a genre apart. It's not given to everybody to be able to play it. And Ray Charles is probably the greatest virtuoso in this field.And not just because he was blind. His music is complete, timeless, and also very difficult to transcribe.This is one of Ray Charles's most outstanding romantic pieces. The difficulty in this piece lies not in the rhythm, but in the melody itself.To play this piece, you must feel it, understand it. And to be well aware of the meaning and the words. At Ray Charles, the two are related. That is the difficulty.Great and difficult movie musicWhile they have taken on a new dimension in recent years, counting just as much as the movies in which they pass, movie scores must, of course, be on this list.They are technically of a very high level and require considerable pianistic capacities. This is not suitable for early piano lessons.People get very excited about playing th e piano when listening to these songs, so the goal is to work on learning the piano to get to play these pieces as quickly as possible.Find the best tutorials for learning the piano!The songs in the Aristocats are mythical! Have you not tried to learn them on the piano?Comptine d'un autre été (Yann Tiersen)No one has forgotten this piano-accordion melody of one of the most popular french films of the early 2000s : Amélie.And this melody composed by one of the best pianists of the world Yann Tiersen is very difficult for a particular reason: it is a piece for a left-handed person.And since 75% of pianists are right-handed, this piece takes on a new dimension. It requires a particular fingering training to be able to adapt to this piece. The difficulty of playing a piece for left-handed and the speed of this piece make it doubly difficult.For a piece that remains beautiful, and that I advise.Fly (Untouchable, by Ludovico Einaudi)We all shed our little tears while listening to this sublime music. A relatively fast and very rhythmic melody. This piece requires considerable dexterity and a relatively soft feel. It is obviously not given to everyone.It is a music based on speed, arpeggios and chords. But all in the emotion and sweetness of a very loud piece, and that will remain like a great moment of cinema music.  Music plays a lot on the success of a movie. Untouchables proves it.Interstellar soundstrack (Hans Zimmer)Ah, the master Hans Zimmer. Worthy successor to John Williams, this German is THE reference in movie music.And the least that can be said is that with the soundtrack of Interstellar, he gave it all he had. A lengthly song, with rhythmic and melodic accelerations.It is an all-powerful and all-crescendo piece.As in a lot of music by Hans Zimmer, the song's basis is not technically very hard. It is the rhythmic changes and variations of sound that make this piece a model of movie scores.The piano is a prestigious instrument so honor it!Tackle the har der pieces to learn the pianoPlaying the piano with challenging pieces helps you to learn your musical limits. And above all, it is the opportunity to progress quickly by playing the piano.Here, no music school or music theory, nor arpeggio! It is your motivation that will be your greatest source of progress in order to learn to play the piano and become a real performer. You will have to persevere in your piano classes, find the sheet piano sheet music and learn how to play the pieces you love.So take both your hands, choose a piano, play make your most beautiful treble clef and bass clef, find a piano teacher, go on practising, do what you need to become the piano player you dream to be. The solfeggio, chords and piano classics will then have no secrets for you.Discover all there is to know about the piano...Find piano lessons all over the UK on Superprof.Piano lessons LondonPiano lessons EdinburghPiano lessons GlasgowPiano lessons LeedsPiano lessons Birmingham